Climate change represents one of the most critical challenges of the 21st century, with far-reaching implications for global agriculture, food security, and rural livelihoods. As average temperatures rise and weather patterns become increasingly erratic, understanding how these changes affect agricultural productivity is of paramount importance. The existing literature highlights several key themes, including the vulnerability of crop yields to temperature fluctuations, the impact of altered precipitation patterns on water availability, and the shifting prevalence of pests and diseases. Studies have consistently shown that developing countries are disproportionately affected, facing heightened risks that threaten their agricultural systems and food supply chains. Moreover, while much research has focused on specific crops or regional impacts, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the socio-economic consequences of climate-induced agricultural shifts and the effectiveness of adaptation strategies across diverse agricultural contexts. This literature review aims to synthesize current findings on the interplay between climate change and global agriculture, identify critical research voids, and suggest directions for future studies that can better inform policymakers and stakeholders in mitigating the impacts of climate change on food production systems.

In conclusion, the literature review on climate change and its effects on global agriculture highlights several critical findings. First, it is evident that rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns significantly threaten agricultural productivity across various regions, particularly affecting staple crops such as wheat and maize. Additionally, socio-economic barriers—including limited access to resources, education, and financial support—pose significant challenges for farmers attempting to adopt effective adaptation strategies. Moreover, the insights gathered from both qualitative and quantitative studies underscore the importance of integrating traditional practices with innovative technologies to enhance resilience in agricultural systems. 

The significance of these findings lies in their implications for food security and sustainable agricultural development in an era increasingly marked by climatic instability. As the challenges posed by climate change become more pronounced, understanding the interconnectedness of ecological, socio-economic, and policy dimensions is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate adverse impacts on agriculture.

This literature review has examined the multi-faceted relationship between climate change and global agriculture, emphasizing both environmental factors and socio-economic dynamics that shape farmers' responses. While substantial progress has been made in identifying vulnerabilities and adaptation measures, notable gaps remain regarding the long-term implications of climate change on agricultural systems and the effectiveness of various strategies tailored to specific regional contexts.

Looking ahead, future research should prioritize interdisciplinary approaches that explore the interplay between climate science, agricultural practices, and socio-economic factors. It is crucial to investigate the barriers preventing the widespread adoption of innovative agricultural technologies and to assess the impact of policy frameworks on local adaptation efforts. Such endeavors will not only deepen our understanding of the challenges facing agriculture in a changing climate but also contribute to the formulation of more effective, equitable, and sustainable agricultural policies aimed at ensuring global food security.

Climate change will strongly influence agricultural practices in the future. In order to promote resource–efficient agriculture, it is important to analyse the impact of climate change on the yields of the most important crops. In this study, we report yields of wheat, barley, maize, potato and sugar beet from the long–term fertilization experiment Demo in Zurich Affoltern (Switzerland) and analyze their response to different climate variables (e.g., spring and 

summer temperature, precipitation, heat days, heavy rainfall). In addition, the impact of soil potassium (K) on the relationship of crop yields and precipitation was investigated. Rising summer temperatures have a negative impact on all crops, C3 and C4 plants in the Demo trial.

Soil K only has a significant positive effect on maize yields in springs with low precipitation but no significant effect on the yields of other crops. No correlation could be found for the other crops. To maintain crop yields under further changing climate, farmers in Switzerland and Central Europe might implement less heat–sensitive species than wheat and potato. An alternative could be early–maturing maize varieties or crops, which grow early in the season such as barley. Barley is already a crop frequently used in drier areas and its resilience to changing climate was also shown in Central Europe and the current study, therefore its cultivation should be further considered. Further is a balanced supply of potassium important for maize to better resist drought stress, especially in spring seasons with little rainfall

Frei, Jonathan, "The Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yields and the Effect of Potassium during Drought: An Analysis of the Long-Term Fertilization Experiment Demo in Zurich Affoltern, Switzerland", 2023

The Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yields and the Effect of Potassium during Drought: An Analysis of the Long-Term Fertilization Experiment Demo in Zurich Affoltern, Switzerland

Microplastics present a significant threat to freshwater ecosystems. However, the impact of global warming on their characteristics and associated risks remains uncertain. This study collected 2793 sample sites from literature and datasets to create a new risk assessment and rank methodology, known as the Multi-characteristics Potential Ecological Risk Index (MPERI), which incorporates various microplastic characteristics, such as concentration, size distribution, color, shape, and polymer diversity. Using regression random forest models (RRF), this study predicted that a 10 °C increase would raise microplastic concentration from 12,465.34 ± 68,603.87 to 13,387.17 ± 60,692.96 particles/m3. The percentage of small-size microplastics initially decreased (from 69.10 % to 68.72 %) and then increased (from 68.72 % to 68.78 %), while the diversity of color, shape, and polymer decreased by 0.29 %, 3.24 %, and 0.17 %, respectively. Furthermore, global warming could increase the rank of microplastic risks from high (405.25 ± 528.9) to dangerous (535.37 ± 582.03) based on the MPERI method. Most countries would experience an increase in risk values, with Indonesia and Vietnam transitioning from low to medium risk, and China and Malaysia transitioning from high to dangerous risk. The feature importance assessment of the RRF model indicated that concentration was the most influential variable in determining the change in risk values. While other microplastic characteristics had a lesser impact compared to concentration, they still influenced the risk ranking. This study highlights the role of global warming in shaping microplastic risks.

Mengjie Chang, "Changes in characteristics and risk of freshwater microplastics under global warming", 2024

Changes in characteristics and risk of freshwater microplastics under global warming

Purpose
Climate change is an undeniable reality that threatens people’s livelihoods. Flooding and saltwater intrusion, along with the rising sea levels, are affecting agricultural and aquaculture livelihoods in Myanmar’s coastal areas. Although climate change adaptation is gaining popularity as a resilience strategy to cope with the negative effects of climate change, both agriculture- and aquaculture-farmers are more often deterred from implementing climate change adaptation strategies due to practical availability and socioeconomic barriers to adaptation. This study aims to evaluate the barriers and factors that influence farm household’ choice of climate change adaptation measures.

Design/methodology/approach
This study was conducted with 599 farm households (484 rice-farmers and 115 fish farmers) based in the coastal areas of Myanmar during 2021–2022 to explore the farmer’s choice of climate change adaptation measures and the determining factors. The multinomial logit regression (MLR) model was used to examine the factors influencing the farmers’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies.

Findings
The study found out that farm households use a variety of adaptation methods at the farm level, with building embankment strategy (23.4%) in agriculture and net-fencing measure (33.9%) in fish farming being the most popular adaptation strategies. Farmers’ decisions to adopt climate change adaptation strategies are influenced by factors such as distance to market, education level of the household head, remittance income and the availability of early warning information, among others. The study also discovered that COVID-19 has had an impact on the employment opportunities of household members and the income from farming as well had a consequential effect on the adoption of climate change adaptation measures. Furthermore, lack of credit (42.4%), labor shortage (52.8%), pest and disease infestation (58.9%), high input costs (81%) and lower agricultural product prices (73%) were identified as major barriers to the adoption of climate change adaptation measures by both agriculture and aquaculture farm households.

Originality/value
This study demonstrates that the COVID-19 pandemic and farm-level barriers are the major factors influencing farm households’ choice of climate change adaptation measures, and that removing practical farm-level barriers and encouraging the adoption of adaptation techniques as potential COVID-19 recovery actions are required. This study also highlighted that the adaptive capacity of agriculture and aquaculture farm households should be strengthened through formal and informal training programs, awareness raising, the exchange of early warning information and the development of proper credit scheme programs.


Aung Tun Oo, Ame Cho, Saw Yan Naing, Giovanni Marin, "Determining factors and barriers to the uptake of climate change adaptation strategies of agriculture and aquaculture farm households in Myanmar", 2024

Determining factors and barriers to the uptake of climate change adaptation strategies of agriculture and aquaculture farm households in Myanmar

Sub-Saharan Africa faces increasingly unpredictable and extreme weather patterns due to climate change, posing significant threats to food security and rural livelihoods. Traditional agriculture, deeply rooted in the region's history and culture, is particularly vulnerable to these changes. This study investigates the adaptation strategies of traditional agricultural farmers to climate change using southeast Nigeria as a microcosm of the broader challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa.Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 75 farmer group leaders in the study region. Cross-sectional data were collected through semi-structured interview schedules and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis using Varimax rotated matrix.Findings showed that farmers rely on face-to-face discussions with neighbors (76.0%), fellow farmers (66.7%), and radio (54.7%) as their primary sources of information on climate change. Results showed that traditional adaptation practices such as use of organic manure (x¯ = 3.89), traditional organic composting (x¯ = 3.80), afforestation (x¯ = 3.71), agroforestry (x¯ = 3.61) were the topmost traditional agricultural practices use to cushion the effect of climate change. Conserving the overall soil health, soil moisture retention, reducing CO2 emissions and maintaining crop productivity were the major reasons for using the traditional approaches. Climate-induced drought and high cost of accessing weather information (x¯ = 1.93), and inadequate funding (x¯ = 1.92), among others were the key constraints to adaptation.Results showed that farmers prioritize agronomic manipulation and integrated research approaches as key strategies to adapting traditional agriculture to climate anomalies. Although farmers used their indigenous practices, continuous learning and improvement through capacity-building workshops and progress monitoring are essential for effective climate change adaptation. Policymakers should invest in promoting indigenous knowledge, provide access to credit for climate-resilient infrastructure, promote climate-smart agricultural practices and foster collaborative research as the cornerstone for sustainable rural development.

D. J. Okoronkwo, R. Ozioko, Rachael Ujunwa Ugwoke, Uzoh Victor Nwagbo, Cynthia Nwobodo, Chidiebere Happiness Ugwu, Gozie Godswill Okoro, Esther C. Mbah, "Climate smart agriculture? Adaptation strategies of traditional agriculture to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa", 2024

Climate smart agriculture? Adaptation strategies of traditional agriculture to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa

This review examines the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture and adaptation strategies. Climate change, driven by human activities, poses challenges like rising temperatures and extreme weather events. Rising temperatures can induce heat stress in crops, leading to reduced yields and poor quality produce. Farmers use adaptation measures like altering planting dates and developing climate-resilient crops. Changing rainfall patterns, erratic or insufficient rainfall can trigger drought conditions, parching farmlands and causing crop failures. On the other hand, excessive rainfall can result in flooding, which damages crops and soil, disrupting agricultural operations especially during the monsoon. Soil conservation, precision agriculture, and urban food production initiatives promote food security and resource recycling. Addressing water scarcity requires improved irrigation and efficient water management. Climate change affects agricultural pests population and threatening global food security. Various adaptation strategies, including traditional practices, resource-conservation technologies, and socio-economic interventions, are being implemented. Climate-smart agriculture technologies like precision agriculture increase yields and resilience. Success depends on regional suitability, economic viability, and collective implementation. Agriculture operates within a complex socio-ecological system with uncertainties in policy, economics, and climate. Site-specific climate-smart agriculture practices are crucial for smallholders' resilience and food security. Publicly provided agricultural extension services can help adopt these technologies, but barriers like financial constraints and cultural factors must be considered. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive, context-specific approaches to address vulnerabilities in Indian agriculture to climate change and ensure a sustainable future for food production and smallholder livelihoods.

D. R. K. Saikanth, Sunil Kumar, Manu Rani, Anant Sharma, Swapnil Srivastava, Dileep Vyas, Gaurav Ayodhya Singh, Suneel Kumar, "A Comprehensive Review on Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Challenges in Agriculture", 2023

A Comprehensive Review on Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Challenges in Agriculture

Water is a fundamental element of life, underpinning health, prosperity, and the well-being of ecosystems. Its management, therefore, is not only a technical challenge but a pivotal aspect of achieving sustainable development. The complexity of water resource management lies in balancing the often competing demands of human consumption, agricultural and industrial use, and environmental preservation. As populations grow and climate change accelerates, the urgency of addressing these challenges has never been greater.

"Water Resource Management: Balancing Needs and Sustainability" seeks to explore the multifaceted nature of water management, offering insights into both traditional practices and innovative approaches. This book is designed for students, practitioners, policymakers, and anyone with a vested interest in the future of our planet's most vital resource. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles, strategies, and tools required to manage water resources effectively and equitably.

In the pages that follow, we delve into the historical context of water management, examining how ancient civilizations developed sophisticated systems to harness and distribute water. We then transition to contemporary issues, including the impact of urbanization, industrialization, and climate variability on water availability and quality. Special emphasis is placed on integrated water resources management (IWRM), a holistic approach that considers the interconnectedness of water systems and promotes coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources.

The contributors to this volume are experts from diverse fields, including hydrology, environmental science, engineering, economics, and social sciences. Their collective expertise provides a rich tapestry of perspectives and solutions, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of water resource management.

As editors, we are grateful for the collaboration and dedication of our contributors, whose work underscores the importance of knowledge sharing and innovation in addressing global water challenges. We also extend our appreciation to the many organizations and individuals who continue to champion sustainable water practices worldwide.

It is our hope that this book will inspire readers to engage deeply with the issues of water management and contribute to the development of sustainable solutions that balance human needs with environmental stewardship. By fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities and opportunities in this field, we can collectively work towards a future where water resources are managed wisely, equitably, and sustainably.

Dr. Korla Swapnavahini,Dr. Sumanth Kumar Matha,Dr. Karri Venkata Reddy, "Water Resource Management: Balancing Needs and Sustainability BY Dr. Korla Swapnavahini,Dr. Sumanth Kumar Matha,Dr. Karri Venkata Reddy", 2024

Water Resource Management: Balancing Needs and Sustainability BY Dr. Korla Swapnavahini,Dr. Sumanth Kumar Matha,Dr. Karri Venkata Reddy

Abstract 

Agriculture is pivotal in fostering economic growth and societal advancement across numerous countries globally, especially in developing economies. However, this industry faces several challenges such as crop and soil quality, impacts of climate change, economic difficulties for farmers, and technological gaps. Improving food security while contributing to climate change mitigation and preserving natural resources requires a transition to more productive agricultural production systems. These systems need to optimize input use, ensure more stable agricultural production less prone to fluctuations, and enhance resilience to risks, shocks, and climate variability.

Smart agriculture explores opportunities offered by the Industry 4.0 revolution o accomplish these objectives. The key to this digital transformation lies in farmers' willingness to incorporate and leverage these advanced, interconnected technologies in their agricultural practices. The adoption of these innovations by farmers not only significantly improves yields and crop quality but also minimizes the ecological footprint of their activities and strengthens agricultural sustainability.

This article aims to identify the factors influencing Moroccan farmers' intention to adopt smart agriculture technologies based on the theoretical framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT 2) and existing literature.

Keywords : Climate change; smart farming ; Industry 4.0; Adoption of innovations, digital transformation.

 

Résumé

L’agriculture joue un rôle crucial dans la stimulation de la croissance économique et du progrès social dans de nombreux pays à travers le monde, particulièrement dans les économies en développement. Toutefois, cette industrie fait face à plusieurs défis tels que la qualité des cultures et des sols, les impacts du changement climatique, les difficultés économiques rencontrées par les agriculteurs et les lacunes technologiques. L'amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire tout en contribuant à atténuer le changement climatique et à préserver les ressources naturelles nécessite une transition vers des systèmes de production agricole plus productifs. Ces systèmes doivent optimiser l'utilisation des intrants, garantir une production agricole plus stable et moins sujette aux variations, tout en renforçant la résilience face aux risques, aux chocs et à la variabilité climatique. A cet effet, l'agriculture intelligente explore les opportunités offertes par la révolution de l'industrie 4.0 pour répondre à ces objectifs. La clé de cette transformation digitale réside dans la volonté des agriculteurs d'incorporer et de tirer parti de ces technologies avancées et interconnectées au sein de leurs pratiques agricoles, 

L'adoption par les agriculteurs de ces innovations leurs permettent non seulement d'améliorer significativement les rendements et la qualité des cultures, mais aussi de minimiser l'empreinte écologique de leurs activités  et renforcer la durabilité agricole 

Ce présent article vise donc à identifier les facteurs influençant l’intention des agriculteurs marocains d’adopter les technologies de l’agriculture intelligente en se basant sur le cadre théorique de la théorie unifiée de l’acceptation et de l’utilisation de la technologie (UTAUT 2) et la littérature existante.

Mots clés : Changement climatique ; Agriculture intelligente ; Industrie 4.0; Adoption des innovations, Transformation digitale.

Ouiame HARMAK, Hassan EL AISSAOUI, "The factors affecting the adoption of smart farming technologies: literature review and proposal of the conceptual model", 2024

The factors affecting the adoption of smart farming technologies: literature review and proposal of the conceptual model

The oasis and arid zones of the Maghreb are facing major changes related to the modes of governance of water resources, climate change and the dynamics of agrarian systems. When it comes to cash crops such as the date palm in southern Tunisia, farmers tend to provide excessive volumes of water. In this context, poor irrigation management has led to a rise in the surface water table and a phenomenon of hydromorphy threatening the sustainability of the oasis system. The current study presents and discusses the issues for irrigation water management and soil salinity in date palms oasisin southern Tunisia. Farming practices were examined through surveys and participatory workshops with farmers. Also, continuous monitoring of soil water content and salinity was carried out on an agricultural plot using improved surface irrigation.The results show that there have been an excessive irrigations that are largely due to the lack of awareness of farmers of the date palm water needs. Analysis of the saline profiles of the studied plots showed an increase in vertical (intra-profile) and spatial (inter-profile) variability in relation to irrigation frequencies and sand amendment practices, salinity and groundwater depth. The sand amendment technique shows efficiency in the reduction of salinity provided to improve the drainage network and the awareness of farmers of better irrigation management according crop water requirements.

Mabrouka Morri, Intissar Ferchichi, Insaf Mekki, Nesrine Taouajouti, Ichrak El Guedri, Akrem Benhamadi, Chaima Ghribi, Nicolas Faysse, Abdelaziz Zairi, "Issues for irrigation water management and soil salinity within a southern Tunisia oasis", 2024

Issues for irrigation water management and soil salinity within a southern Tunisia oasis

Farming practices used in maize crop production are thought to modify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil particularly methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The quantities of these GHG fluxes have rarely been estimated from smallholder farms in Sub-Saharan Africa. We estimated the quantities of GHG fluxes and Global Warming Potential (GWP) from the Push-Pull Technology (PPT) and Tillage with the Formation of Ridges (TFR) farming systems at the University of Bamenda, Cameroon. Greenhouse gases were sampled bi-monthly from April to Early August 2020 using the static chamber technique. The experiment followed a split-plot randomized complete block design with two replicates and three planting distances (1 m, 1.5 m, and 2 m) used as treatments. Mean cumulative CH4 (5.39 kgCH4-Cha−1) and N2O (1.03 kgN2O-Nha−1) emissions under TFR were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than mean CH4 (3.59 kgCH4-Cha−1) and N2O (0.52 kgN2O-Nha−1) emissions under PPT system. Mean net-GWP under PPT followed the trend 2 m (−267.61 tCO2-eqha−1) < 1.5 m (−75.76 tCO2-eqha−1) < 1 m (−24.95 tCO2-eqha−1) while under TFR, net-GWP was ordered 1 m (0.38 tCO2-eq ha−1) < 1.5 m (85.29 tCO2-eq ha−1) < 2 m (288.41 tCO2-eq ha−1) with significant differences between them. Maize grain yields under PPT were in the trend 1 m (0.81 tha−1) < 2 m (0.85 tha−1) < 1.5 m (0.92 tha−1) with a significant difference (P < 0.05) between 1 m and 1,5 m treatments. While under TFR, the trend was 2 m (0.56 tha−1) < 1 m (0.77 tha−1) < 1.5 m (0.80 tha−1) with significant difference between 1.5 m and 2 m (P < 0.05). On average, PPT was a sink to GWP (−122.77 tCO2-eqha−1) and revealed higher (P < 0.05) yields (0.86 tha−1) than TFR (0.71 tha−1) which was a source of GWP (124.69 tCO2-eqha−1). Therefore, a PPT practice of 1.5 m planting distance is recommended in Sub-Saharan Africa to enhance food productivity while mitigating global warming by minimizing soil greenhouse gas emissions.

Christian Tegha Kum, "Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and net global warming potential from two maize farming practices in the Bamenda highlands, Cameroon", 2024

Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and net global warming potential from two maize farming practices in the Bamenda highlands, Cameroon

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of cover crops and different nitrogen levels on greenhouse gas emissions and net global warming potential in a potato production system during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 growing seasons at the Agricultural Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was arranged as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was cover crop including hairy vetch, rye, mixed (rye + hairy vetch), and control (no cover crop), and the sub factor was nitrogen fertilizer (as urea) at four levels consisted of 0 (control), 33, 66 and 100 % of the recommended nitrogen fertilizer based on the soil test. Results showed that the use of cover crops as green manures increased net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) and the highest NECB was observed in the mixed treatment (rye + hairy vetch) along with the 66 % of nitrogen fertilizer. The mixed cover crops (hairy vetch + rye) along with the 100 % of nitrogen fertilizer showed higher CO2 emission and, while hairy vetch along with the 100 % of nitrogen fertilizer had higher emissions of N2O and CH4 during the potato growing season. It can be concluded that the use of cover crops as green manures before the planting of potato can notably increase greenhouse gas emissions and the net global warming.

Shayesteh Sadra, "Effects of cover crops and nitrogen fertilizer on greenhouse gas emissions and net global warming potential in a potato cropping system", 2024

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